The following list includes specific sources referenced or included as reading material in the DD-Tech MOOC. The list has been prepared as part of the Erasmus+ project, “Digital Diplomacy: Building the Common Future with Technology,” by the project consortium. To review the list, please click on the letter to expand the list of sources.
The latest and most comprehensive scholarly overview of the field is:
BJOLA, Corneliu, and Ilan MANOR, eds. (2024) The Oxford Handbook of Digital Diplomacy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
The following specific sources were referenced or included as reading material in the MOOC:
ACHESON, Noelle (2017) How a Tiny Island Could Give Cryptocurrency a Big Boost. CoinDesk.com [online website], 30 may 2017, https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2017/05/30/how-a-tiny-island-could-give-cryptocurrency-a-big-boost
ACUTO, Michele (2013) Global Cities, Governance and Diplomacy: The Urban Link. Abingdon: Routledge.
ADESINA, Olubukola S. (2017) Foreign Policy in an Era of Digital Diplomacy. Cogent Social Sciences 3(1): 1297175. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2017.1297175
Agency for Peacebuilding (2024) Digital technology and inclusivity in peace mediation, Policy paper May 2024, https://www.peaceagency.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/-paper_2024_web-1.pdf
AIROLDI, Massimo, and Joonas ROKKA (2022) Algorithmic consumer culture. Consumption Markets & Culture 25(5): 411-428, https://doi.org/10.1080/10253866.2022.2084726
Associated Press (2024) Anguilla’s .ai Web Address Makes the Tiny Island Money in the AI Boom. Inc. [official website], 16 October 2024, https://www.inc.com/associated-press/anguillas-ai-web-address-makes-the-tiny-island-money-in-the-ai-boom/90989889
AYTAC, Ugur (2024) Digital Domination: Social Media and Contestatory Democracy. Political Studies 72(1): 6-25. https://doi.org/10.1177/00323217221096564
BAINES, Victoria (2024) International Law, Big Tech Regulation, and Digital Diplomatic Practice. In The Oxford Handbook of Digital Diplomacy, eds. Corneliu Bjola and Ilan Manor, pp. 437-456. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
BAKER, Stewart, and Paul A. ROSENZWEIG (2022) The Ghost of the Soviet Union Still Haunts the Internet. Medium [official website], 28 March 2022, https://www.wired.com/story/soviet-union-domain-ukraine/
BARRINHA, Andre, and Thomas RENARD (2017) Cyber-diplomacy: the making of an international society in the digital age. Global Affairs 3(4-5): 353–364. https://doi.org/10.1080/23340460.2017.1414924
BARSTON, Ronald Peter (2019) Modern Diplomacy. New York: Routledge.
BEER, David (2017) The social power of algorithms. Information. Communication & Society 20(1): 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1216147
BENGTSSON, Stina (2011) Virtual Nation Branding: The Swedish Embassy in Second Life. Journal For Virtual Worlds Research 4(2): 1-26. https://doi.org/10.4101/jvwr.v4i2.2111
BERRIDGE, Geoff R. (2022) Diplomacy: Theory and Practice. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
BING, Chris, and Joel SCHECTMAN (2024, June 14) Pentagon ran secret anti-vax campaign to undermine China during pandemic. Report from Washington, DC. Reuters [online] https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/usa-covid-propaganda/
BJOLA, Corneliu (2018a) Propaganda in the digital age. Global Affairs 3(3): 189-191, https://doi.org/10.1080/23340460.2017.1427694
BJOLA, Corneliu (2018b) The Ethics of Countering Digital Propaganda. Ethics & International Affairs 32(3): 305-315, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0892679418000436
BJOLA, Corneliu (2019, January 15). The ‘dark side’ of digital diplomacy: countering disinformation and propaganda, ARI 5/2019. Madrid: Real Instituto Elcano, https://media.realinstitutoelcano.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/ari5-2019-bjola-dark-side-digital-diplomacy-countering-disinformation-propaganda.pdf
BJOLA, Corneliu (2022) Artificial Intelligence and Diplomatic Crisis Management: Addressing the ‘Fog of War’ Problem, DigDiploROxWP2 Working Paper No.6 (Jul 2022). Oxford: University of Oxford, Oxford Digital Diplomacy Research Group, https://www.qeh.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2023-08/DigDiploROxWP6.pdf
BJOLA, Corneliu, Jennifer CASSIDY, and Ilan MANOR (2019) Public Diplomacy in the Digital Age. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy 14: 83-101, https://doi.org/10.1163/1871191X-14011032
BJOLA, Corneliu, and Marcus HOLMES, eds. (2015) Digital Diplomacy: Theory and Practice. Abingdon: Routledge.
BJOLA, Corneliu, and Ilan MANOR (2022) The Rise of Hybrid Diplomacy: From Digital Adaptation to Digital Adoption. International Affairs 98(2): 471–491, https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiac005
BJOLA, Corneliu, and James PAMMENT (2019) Countering Online Propaganda and Extremism: The Dark Side of Digital Diplomacy. Abingdon & New York: Routledge.
BJOLA, Corneliu, and Ruben ZAIOTTI Zaiotti (2021) Digital Diplomacy and International Organisations: Autonomy, Legitimacy and Contestation. Abingdon & New York: Routledge.
BOOTH, C.F. (1964) Extraordinary Administrative Radio Conference, Geneva. 7th October – 8th November 1963. Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 111(7): 1271-1280, https://doi.org/10.1049/piee.1964.0200
BRATTON, Patrick (2015) Overview of the Diplomatic Landscape. The Journal of International Relations, Peace Studies, and Development 1(1): Article 2, https://scholarworks.arcadia.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=agsjournal
BUETI, Cristina, Yining ZHAO, and Nicholas FLACK (2023) Executive briefing on the metaverse. Geneva: International Telecommunication Union & World Tourism Organization, https://www.itu.int/en/publications/Documents/tsb/2023-Executive-briefing-on-the-metaverse/index.html#p=1
CALLIARI, Elisa, Jarsolav MYSIAK, and Lisa VANHALA (2020) A digital climate summit to maintain Paris Agreement ambition. Nature Climate Change 10 (June): 480, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0794-0
CHHABRA, Radhika (2020) Twitter Diplomacy: A Brief Analysis. ORF Issue Brief no.335 (January 2020). New Dehli: Observer Research Foundation, https://www.orfonline.org/public/uploads/posts/pdf/20230511125636.pdf
CLARKE, Laurie (2021) Tech ambassadors are redefining diplomacy for the digital era. TechMonitor, 16 February 2021, https://www.techmonitor.ai/policy/geopolitics/tech-ambassadors?cf-view
CONSTANTINOU, Costas M., and Paul SHARP (2016) Theoretical Perspectives in Diplomacy. In The SAGE handbook of diplomacy eds. Costas M. Constantinou, Paul Sharp, and Pauline Kerr, pp. 13-27. Thousand Oaks: SAGE.
COOPER, Andrew F. (2013) The Changing Nature of Diplomacy. In The Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy, eds. Andrew F. Cooper, Jorge Heine, and Ramesh Thakur, pp. 35-53. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
DANCY, Geoff, and Christopher J. FARISS (2024) The Global Resonance of Human Rights: What Google Trends Can Tell Us. American Political Science Review 118(1): 252-273, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055423000199
DEIBERT, Ronald J. (2019) The Road to Digital Unfreedom: Three Painful Truths About Social Media. Journal of Democracy 30(1): 25-39, https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jod.2019.0002
DELCKER, Janosch (2023) Where AI Can Replace Diplomats—and Where It Shouldn’t. International Politik Quarterly 23 June 2023, https://ip-quarterly.com/en/where-ai-can-replace-diplomats-and-where-it-shouldnt
DiploFoundation and Government of Maldives (2017) Maldives Unveils World’s First Virtual Embassy, DiploFoundation [official website], 22 May 2017, https://archive1.diplomacy.edu/pool/fileInline.php?idpool=463
Diplomat Magazine (2022) Barbados to Establish the World’ First Embassy in the Metaverse. Diplomat Magazine [online website], 22 August 2022, https://diplomatmagazine.eu/2022/08/30/barbados-to-establish-the-world-first-embassy-in-the-metavesre/
DOMINELLI, Stefano (2021) Internet and eDiplomacy: ‘Traditional’ Diplomatic Law in the Digital Era. Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht / Heidelberg Journal of International Law 81(3): 733-754, http://dx.doi.org/10.17104/0044-2348-2021-3-733
DONOVAN, Outi (2024) Gendering Zoom Diplomacy: Women’s Participation in Digital Diplomacy. International Studies Perspectives, online first, https://doi.org/10.1093/isp/ekae008
DUNCOMBE, Constance (2018) Twitter and the Challenges of Digital Diplomacy. SAIS Review of International Affairs 38(2): 91–100, https://doi.org/10.1353/sais.2018.0019
EGGELING, Kristin Anabel (2023) Digital Diplomacy. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies, https://oxfordre.com/internationalstudies/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.001.0001/acrefore-9780190846626-e-790
EGGELING, Kristin Anabel, and Rebecca ADLER-NISSEN (2024) Diplomatic Negotiations in the Digital Context: Key Issues, Emerging Trends, and Procedural Changes. In The Oxford Handbook of Digital Diplomacy, eds. Corneliu Bjola and Ilan Manor, pp. 420-436. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
ENGTOFT MELDGAARD, Anne Marie, and Tom FLETCHER (2024) Digital Diplomatic Representation: The Rise of Tech Ambassadors. In The Oxford Handbook of Digital Diplomacy, eds. Corneliu Bjola and Ilan Manor, pp. 420-436. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
European Union (2022) Going Digital – Good or Bad for the Climate?, Brussels: European Commission, https://climate-pact.europa.eu/news-and-events/pact-articles/going-digital-good-or-bad-climate-2022-11-29_en
FORESTAL, Jennifer (2021) Constructing Digital Democracies: Facebook, Arendt, and the Politics of Design. Political Studies 69(1): 26-44, https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321719890807
FRÉCHETTE, Louise (2013) Foreword: Diplomacy: Old Trade, New Challenges. In The Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy, eds. Andrew Cooper, Jorge Heine, and Ramesh Thakur, pp. xxx-xxxiv. Oxford: Oxford University Press, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199588862.002.0011
Freedom House (2024) Freedom on the Net 2024: The Struggle for Trust Online. Washington, DC: Freedom House, https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/2024/struggle-trust-online
FREEMAN, Chas W., and Sally MARKS (2024, September 23) Diplomacy. Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/topic/diplomacy
GALIP, Idil (2023) Propaganda, Digital Diplomacy, Meme Wars: How Digital Confrontation Is Shaping the New World Order. In Multipolarity after Ukraine: Old Wine in New Bottles?, eds. Aldo Ferrari and Eleonora Tafuro Ambrosetti, pp. 95-116. Milan: Ledizioni LediPublishing (for ISPI), https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/multipolarity-after-ukraine-old-wine-in-new-bottles-116515
GARDNER, Frank (2023) Wikipedia operator denies Saudi infiltration claim. BBC [online], 9 January 2023, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-64195644
GHICA, Luciana Alexandra (2024) Transforming International Development: Navigating the Shift towards Digital Cooperation. In The Oxford Handbook of Digital Diplomacy, eds. Corneliu Bjola and Ilan Manor, pp.250-258. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Government of Estonia (s.a) Factsheet: Data Embassy. https://e-estonia.com/wp-content/uploads/factsheet_data_embassy.pdf
GRINCHEVA, Natalia (2024a) Digital Cultural Diplomacy: From Content Providers to Opinion Makers. In The Oxford Handbook of Digital Diplomacy, eds. Corneliu Bjola and Ilan Manor, pp. 194-211. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
GRINCHEVA, Natalia (2024b) The past and future of cultural diplomacy. International Journal of Cultural Policy 30(2): 172-191, https://doi.org/10.1080/10286632.2023.2183949
GSoD annual reports: https://www.idea.int/gsod/
HALLLINAN, Blake and Ted STRIPHAS (2016) Recommended for you: The Netflix Prize and the production of algorithmic culture. New Media & Society 18(1): 117–137, https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814538646
HAMMARSKJÖLD, Dag (1953) New Diplomatic Techniques in a New World, Address to the Foreign Policy Association at a Dinner given in his honor, New York, 21 October 1953. New York: United Nations, https://www.un.org/depts/dhl/dag/docs/newdiplomatic.pdf
HANSON, Fergus (2012) The History of eDiplomacy at the U.S. Department of State. Washington, DC: Brookings Institute, https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/baked-in-hansonf-5.pdf
HARRISON, Stephen (2023) Wikipedia will survive A.I. Slate [online], 24 August 2023, https://slate.com/technology/2023/08/wikipedia-artificial-intelligence-threat.html
HARRISON, Stephen (2024) Wikipedia is facing an existential crisis. Can gen Z save it? The Guardian [online], 12 September 2024, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2024/sep/12/wikipedia-generation-z-young-editors-chatbots
HIGGOTT, Richard, and Giulia TERCOVICH (2022) A New Diplomacy in the Age of the Global Binary: Digitalisation, Pandemics and the Search for a Global Reset, Report edited by Sarah Coolican. London: LSE IDEAS – Europe Programme & Brussels: VUB, Brussels School of Governance, Center for Security Diplomacy and Strategy, https://www.lse.ac.uk/ideas/Assets/Documents/reports/LSE-IDEAS-A-New-Diplomacy-in-the-Age-of-the-Global-Binary.pdf
HIRBLINGER Andreas T. (2023) Building a peace we don’t know? The power of subjunctive technologies in digital peacebuilding. Peacebuilding 11(2): 113-135, https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2022.2154957
HOCKING, Brian, and Jan MELISSEN (2015) Diplomacy in the Digital Age. Clingendael Report (July 2015). The Hague: The Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael. https://www.clingendael.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/Digital_Diplomacy_in_the_Digital%20Age_Clingendael_July2015.pdf
HOLMES, Marcus (2024) Digital Diplomacy: Projection and Retrieval of Images and Identities. In The Oxford Handbook of Digital Diplomacy, eds. Corneliu Bjola and Ilan Manor, pp. 29-44. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
International Human Rights Services (s.a.) A Tool for Diplomats: Protecting Human Rights Defenders as Essential Partners. Geneva, New York & Abidjan: International Human Rights Services, https://ishr.ch/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/ishr_19_dg_diplomats_vs4_a4_booklet_nocroppingmarks_0.pdf
ITTELSON, Pavlina, and Martin RAUCHBAUER (2023) Tech diplomacy practice in the San Francisco Bay Area. Geneva: DiploFoundation, https://www.diplomacy.edu/resource/tech-diplomacy-practice-in-the-san-francisco-bay-area/
ITU (2023a) Preparing women as policy-makers and cyber-diplomats. ITU News, 23 June 2023, https://www.itu.int/hub/2023/06/preparing-women-as-policy-makers-and-cyber-diplomats/
ITU (2023b) Measuring digital development: Facts and Figures 2023. Geneva: International Telecommunication Union, https://www.itu.int/itu-d/reports/statistics/2023/10/10/ff23-the-gender-digital-divide/
JÖNSSON, Christer (2022) Theorising Diplomacy. In The Routledge Handbook of Diplomacy and Statecraft, ed. Brian J.C. McKercher, pp. 12-26. London and New York: Routledge.
KELLEY, John Robert (2010) The New Diplomacy: Evolution of a Revolution. Diplomacy & Statecraft 21(2): 286-305, https://doi.org/10.1080/09592296.2010.482474
KERR, Pauline, and Geoffrey WISEMAN (2017) Diplomacy in a Globalizing World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
KITTICHAISAREE, Kriangsak (2020) International Human Rights Law and Diplomacy. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
KURBALIJA, Jovan (2013) E-Diplomacy and Diplomatic Law in the Internet Era. In Peacetime Regime for State Activities in Cyberspace, ed. Katharina Ziolkowski, pp. 393-424. Tallin: NATO CCD COE Publications, https://www.diplomacy.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/PeacetimeRegime-JK-Chapter.pdf
KURZWEIL, Ray (2024) The Singularity Is Nearer: When We Merge with AI. New York: Viking, Penguin Random House.
LANGHORNE, Richard (1998) The History and Evolution of Diplomacy. Diplo, https://www.diplomacy.edu/resource/history-and-the-evolution-of-diplomacy
LARSEN, Benjamin Cedric (2022) The geopolitics of AI and the rise of digital sovereignty. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-geopolitics-of-ai-and-the-rise-of-digital-sovereignty/
LASSWELL, Harold (1927) The Theory of Political Propaganda. American Political Science Review 21(3): 627-631, https://doi.org/10.2307/1945515
MANBY, Alex, and Fionna McCONNELL (2024) Digital Geographies of Diplomacy: The Uneven Digital Mediation of Spaces and Encounters at the UN Human Rights Council. Political Geography 113 (August 2024): 103147, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2024.103147
MANOR, Ilan (2018) The Digitalization of Diplomacy: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Terminology, DigDiploROxWP2 Working Paper No.2 (Jan 2018). Oxford: University of Oxford, Oxford Digital Diplomacy Research Group, https://www.qeh.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2023-08/DigDiploROxWP2.pdf
MANOR, Ilan, and Zhao Alexandre HUANG (2022) Digitalization of public diplomacy: Concepts, trends, and challenges. Communication and the Public 7(4): 167-175. https://doi.org/10.1177/20570473221138401
MEDAGLIA, Rony, J. Ramon GIL-GARCIA, and Theresa A PARDO (2023) Artificial Intelligence in Government: Taking Stock and Moving Forward. Social Science Computer Review 41(1): 123-140, https://doi.org/10.1177/08944393211034087
MEYER, David (2020) ‘Colonialism’ and crypto claims: Why the .io domain name extension faces an uncertain future. Fortune [official website], 1 September 2020, https://fortune.com/2020/08/31/crypto-fraud-io-domain-chagos-islands-uk-colonialism-cryptocurrency/
MOREAU, Flavien (2024) An AI-Powered Boost to Anguilla’s Revenues. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2024/05/15/cf-an-ai-powered-boost-to-anguillas-revenues
MUNCK, Gerardo (2009) Measuring Democracy. Baltimore: Hopkins Press.
MYRICK, Rachel, and Jeremy M. WEINSTEIN (2022) Making Sense of Human Rights Diplomacy: Evidence from a US Campaign to Free Political Prisoners. International Organization 76(2): 379-413. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818321000424
National Air and Space Museum (2018) How Communications Satellites Helped the World Mourn JFK [official website page], 21 November 2018. Washington, DC: National Air and Space Museum, https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/how-communications-satellites-helped-world-mourn-jfk
NYE, Joseph S. Jr, and WELCH, David A. (2016) Understanding Global Conflict and Cooperation: An Introduction to Theory and History, 10th ed. London: Pearson.
OECD (2018) Open Government Data Report: Enhancing Policy Maturity for Sustainable Impact, OECD Digital Government Studies. Paris: OECD Publishing, https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264305847-en
OECD (2024) Rights in the Digital Age: Challenges and Ways Forward, OECD Digital Economy Papers 347. Paris: OECD Publishing, https://doi.org/10.1787/deb707a8-en
O’REILLY, Tim (2011) Government as a Platform. Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization 6(1): 13–40, https://doi.org/10.1162/INOV_a_00056
PAMMENT, James (2018) Diplomacy and Digitization: A Profession Adapting to New Networks of Power. Revista Mexicana de Política Exterior 113 (May-August 2018): 53-71, https://revistadigital.sre.gob.mx/index.php/rmpe/article/view/264/243
PATRICK, Stewart (2023) Rules of Order: Assessing the State of Global Governance. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2023/09/rules-of-order-assessing-the-state-of-global-governance?lang=en
PODDAR, Umang (2024) Why Wikipedia has landed in legal trouble in India. BBC [online], 30 October 2024, https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cdrdydkypv7o
RAO, Umesh Hodeghatta, and Umesha NAYAK (2014) The InfoSec Handbook: An Introduction to Information Security. Cham: Apress (Springer), https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-6383-8
RICE, Nikolai (2019) Estonia’s Digital Embassies and the Concept of Sovereignty. Georgetown Security Studies Review (10 October 2019) https://georgetownsecuritystudiesreview.org/2019/10/10/estonias-digital-embassies-and-the-concept-of-sovereignty/
RIETIG, Katharina, and Christine PERINGER (2020) Environmental Diplomacy: Effective Climate Negotiations Through Digital Diplomacy and Facilitation, written evidence submitted to the UK Parliament Foreign Affairs Committee on 4.9.2020, https://eprints.ncl.ac.uk/file_store/production/271458/DCCC27EC-54C9-43FA-9F36-3198A08669E8.pdf
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ROTHE, Delf, Ingrid BOAS, Carol FARBOTKO, and Taukiei KITARA (2024) Digital Tuvalu: State Sovereignty in a World of Climate Loss. International Affairs 100(4): 1491–1509, https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiae060
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SCHLUMBERGER, Oliver, Mirjam EDEL, Ahmed MAATI, and Koray SAGLAM (2024) How Authoritarianism Transforms: A Framework for the Study of Digital Dictatorship. Government and Opposition 59(3): 761-783, https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2023.20
SILVA, Marco (2021) Climate change: Small army of volunteers keeping deniers off Wikipedia. BBC [online], 24 December 2024, https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-59452614
SILVA, Shiroma (2021) Wikipedia in Chinese editing war of words. BBC [online], 30 October 2021, https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-59081611
STANZEL, Volker, and Daniel, VOELSEN (2022) Diplomacy and artificial intelligence: reflections on practical assistance for diplomatic negotiations, SWP Research Paper, 1/2022. Berlin: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik -SWP- Deutsches Institut für Internationale Politik und Sicherheit, https://doi.org/10.18449/2022RP01
STRIPHAS, Ted (2015) Algorithmic culture. European Journal of Cultural Studies 18(4-5): 395-412, https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549415577392
SUROWIEC-CAPELL, Paweł. 2024. Digital Propaganda and Diplomacy. In The Oxford Handbook of Digital Diplomacy, eds. Corneliu Bjola & Ilan Manor, pp.212-231. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
SURI, Anirudh (2022) The Great Tech Game: How Technology Is Shaping Geopolitics and the Destiny of Nations. Noida, India: Harper Collins.
THURMAN, Andrew (2017) Barbados to Become First Sovereign Nation with an Embassy in the Metaverse. CoinDesk.com [online website], 15 November 2021, https://www.coindesk.com/business/2021/11/15/barbados-to-become-first-sovereign-nation-with-an-embassy-in-the-metaverse/
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VADROT, Alice, and Silvia C. RUIZ RODRÍGUEZ (2022) Digital Multilateralism in Practice: Extending Critical Policy Ethnography to Digital Negotiation Sites. International Studies Quarterly 66(3): 1-13, https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqac051
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WESTERBERG, Pontus, and Sohel RANA (2016) Using Minecraft for Community Participation. Nairobi: UN-Habitat, https://unhabitat.org/manual-using-minecraft-for-community-participation
WHITTAKER, Joe (2022) Online Radicalisation: What We Know. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2023-11/RAN-online-radicalisation_en.pdf
WIKE, Richard, and Janell FETTERROLF (2021) Global Public Opinion in an Era of Democratic Anxiety. Washington, DC: Pew Research Centre, 7 December 2021, https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2021/12/07/global-public-opinion-in-an-era-of-democratic-anxiety/
WILLIAMS, Robyn (2022) ‘New-New’ Diplomacy: A New Technological Dawn. Digital Policy Studies 1(1): 27-38, https://doi.org/10.36615/dps.v1i1.1162
WOUTERS, Jan, and Marta HERMEZ (2016) EU Guidelines on Human Rights as a Foreign Policy Instrument: An Assessment, Working Paper No. 170, Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies, https://ghum.kuleuven.be/ggs/publications/working_papers/2016/170woutershermez ZHANG, Alexandre Huang, and Phillip ARCENEAUX (2024) Ethical Challenges in the Digitalization of Public Diplomacy. In The Oxford Handbook of Digital Diplomacy, eds. Corneliu Bjola and Ilan Manor, pp. 232-249. Oxford: Oxford University Press, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192859198.013.13